IP address
Introduction:-
- An internet protocol address (IP address) is a numerical lable assigned to each device (e.g. computer,printer) participating in a computer network that uses the internet protocol for communication.
- An IP address is binary number that uniquely identities computers and other devices on a TCP/IP network.
- You can probably work with decimal numbers much easier than with the binary numbers needed by the computer.
- Working with binary numbers is time-consuming and error-prone.
Objects
- The 32-bit IP address is broken up into 4 octets, which are arranged into a dotted-deciml notation scheme.
- An octet is a set of 8-bits and not a musical instruments
- EXP of an IP v4
172.64.126.52
THINKING IN BINARY
- The binary system uses only 2 values 0 & 1 to represent numbers in position.
- Representing increasing powers of 2.
- We all are accustomed to thinking and working in the decimal system, which is based on the number 10.
THINKING IN BINARY (cont.)
- To most humans , the number 124 represents 100+20+4.
- To the computer this number is 1111100, which is 64(26)+32(25)+16(24)+8(23)+4(22)+0+0.
IP address classes
- IP addresses are decided into 5 classes each of which is designed with the alfabetic letters A to E.
- Class D addresses are used for multicasting.
- Class E addresses are reserved for testing some mysterious future use.
IP ADDRESS CLASSES (cont.)
- The 5 IP address classes are split up based on the value in the 1st octet.
IP address class assignment
Classes frist octet value
Class A 0 - 127
Class B 128 -191
Class C 192 - 223
Class D 224 - 239
Class E 240 - 255
- Using the ranges, you can determine the class of an address from its 1st octet value.
- An address beginning with 120 is a class A address, 155 is a class B address and 220 is a class C address.
ARE YOU THE HOST OR THE NETWORK:-
- The 32-bits of the IP address are devided into network and host portions, with the octets assigned as a part of one or the other.
NETWORK AND HOST PRESENTATION BY IP ADDRESS CLASS:-
Class octet 1 octet 2 octet 3 octet 4
Class A network host host host
Class B network network host host
Class C network network network host
- Each network is assigned a network address and every device or interface (such as a router port) on the network is assigned a host address.
- There are only 2 specific rules that govern the value of the address.
TYPES OF IP ADDRESS
there are 2 types of IP address…..
- IPv4
- IPv6
Different between IP v4 and IP v6
IP v4 IP v6
Deployed 1981 1999
Address size 32-bit number 128-bit number
Address formal dotted decimal hexadecimal
notation notation
192.149.252.76 3FFE:F200:0234:AB00:
0124:4567:890:ABCD
Prefix notation 192.149.0.0/124 3FFE:F200:0234::/48
Number of 232=~4,294,967,296 2128=~340,282,366,920,
Address 938,463,374,607,431,
768,211,456
IP ADDRESS CLASSIFICATION:-
IP addresses are devided into 5 classes…..
Class Add. Range supports
Class A 1.0.0.1 to supports 16 million hosts
126.255.255.254 on each of 127 network.
Class B 128.1.0.1 to supports 65000 hosts on
191.255.255.254 each of 16000 network.
Class C 192.0.1.1 to supports 254 hosts on
223.255.254.254 each of 2 million network.
Class D 254.0.0.0 to Reserved for multicast
239.255.255.255 groups
Class E 240.0.0.0 to Reserved for future use or
254.255.255.254 research and development
perposes.
SUBNET MASK
A subnet mask is used to devide IP address into two parts. One part identities the host(computer) the other parts identities the network to which it belongs.
Class A network host host host
Subnet mask 255 0 0 0
Class B network network host host
Subnet mask 255 255 0 0
Class C network network network host
Subnet mask 255 255 255 0
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STATIC & DYNAMIC IP
static IP dynamic IP
1.A permanent numeric address 1.A temporary IPadd.
assigned to the host in assigned to the host in
a network. a network.
2.Assigned manually by the 2.Assigned by the DHCP
network administrator. server automatically.
3.Does not changes 3.Changes
automatically automatically
after it's assigned to if connection is reset
the computer. or DHCP lease expires.
4. Less secure. 4. More secure as compared
to static IP.
5.Used for dedicated servers 5. Used for connecting
like FTP, Mail server lagre network to the
and VPN. internet and communication.
DIFFERENT BETWEEN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE IP
private IP public IP
1.Used with LAN or network 1.Used on public network
not recognized over internet. recognized over internet.
2.Assigned by LAN 2.Assigned by service provider
administrator IANA.
3.Unique only in LAN3.Unique globally cost associated
free of change. with using public IP.
RANGE OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE IP
Class private IP public IP
Class A 10.0.0.0 to 1.0.0.0 to
10.255.255.255 9.255.255.255
11.0.0.0 to 126.255.255.255
Class B 172.16.0.0 to 128.0.0.0 to
172.31.255.255 172.15.255.255
172.32.0.0 to 191.255.255.255
Class C 192.168.0.0 to 192.00.00 to
192.168.255.255 192.167.255.255
192.169.0.0 to 223.255.255.255
SPECIAL IP ADDRESSES
IP addresses which are never used on the public internet..
- Network address
All hosts = 0; e.g. 158.108.0.0/16
- Directed broadcast address
All hosts = 1; e.g. 158.108.255.255/16
- Limited broadcast address Broadcast to local network
All hosts = 1; e.g. 255.255.255.255
- This computer address
All hosts = 0; e.g. 0.0.0.0
- Loopback address
127.0.0.0/8 ➡️ 127.X.X.X
APIPA = Automatic private IP address.
ADDRESS STRUCTURE
An IP v6 address is made of 128- bits devided into eight 16-bits blocks. Each block is then converted in to 4 - digit Hexadecimal numbers separated by colon symbols.
For example, given below is a 128-bits IP v6 address represented in binary formate and devided in to eight 16-bits blocks.
2001:0000:3238:DFE1:0063:0000:FEFB
Even after converting into Hexadecimal formal, IP v6 address remains long IP v6 provides some rules to shorten the address. The rules are as follow……..
Rule 1:- Discard leading zeroes in block 5 0063, the leading two as can be omitted , such as (5th block).
2001:0000:3238:DFE1:63:0000:0000:FEFB
Rule 2:- If two or more blocks contain consecutive zeroes, omitt them all and replace with double colon sign (::) such as (6th and 7th block).
2001:0000:3238:DFE1:63::FEFB
Rule 3:- Consecutive blocks of zeroes can be replaced only once by :: so if there are still blocks of zeroes in the address , they can be shrunk down to a single zero, such as (2nd block).
2001:0:3238:DFE1:63::FEFB
IP v6 address meaning
:: / 128 unspecified address
:: / 0 default route
:: 1 / 128 loopback address
- As shown in the table, the address 0:0:0:0:0:0;0:0:/128 does not specify anything and is said to be an unspecified address . After simplifying, all the OS are compacted to :: / 128.
- In IP v4 the address 0.0.0.0 with netmask 0.0.0.0 representes the default route. The same concept is also applied to IP v6 address 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 with netmask all as represents the default route after applying IP v6 rule this address is compressed to ::/0.
- Loopback address in IP v4 represente by 127.0.0.1 to 127.255.255.255 serviesed but in IP v6 only 0:0:0:0:0:0:01/128 represents the loopback address after loopback address it can be represented as ::/128.
Types of IP v6 address
- Global unicast address:- These address are routable on the internet and start with 2001 as the prefix group global unicast address are the equivalent of IP v4 public addresses.
|Global routing prefix| subnet mask| interface ID|
8-bits 16-bits 64-bits
- Link local address:- This is one of the two internet address types that are not routed on the internet link local addresses are used inside an internet network are self assigned and start with FE80; as the prefix ground the frist 16-bits of link local address is always set to 1111 1110 1000 0000 (FE80) the next 48-bits are set to 0.
| 1111 1110 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 | interface ID|
- Unique local address:- This type of IP v6 address is globally unique, but it should be used in local communication. The second half of this address contain interface ID and the frist half is devided among prefix, local bits,global ID and subnet ID.
PREFIX |L| global ID | subnet ID | interface ID|
1111 1110 1-bit 40-bits 16-bits 64-bits
Scope of IP v6 unicast addresses
The scope of link local address is limited to the segment. Unique local address are locally global, but are not routed over the internet, limiting their scope to an organization's boundary. Global unicast addresses are globally unique and recognizable. They shall make the essence of internet.
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